resources. Other critiques include: their cost (higher than that of passive management), conflicts with human development goals, inadequate scope to address factors such as climate change and invasive species. The EU's Natura 2000, is the largest coordinated network of protected areas in the world. They are created by delineating zones with permitted and non-permitted uses within that zone. As of 2013 30% of the world's reefs were severely damaged. The network is a mechanism to establish regional and local systems, but carries no authority or mandate, leaving all activity within the "system". In some cases, the areas … Related protected area categories include the following; While "area" refers to a single contiguous location, terms such as "network", "system", and "region" that group MPAs are not always consistently employed. MPAs contribute to a healthy marine environment and offer a nature-based solution to address the impacts of climate change by protecting marine ecosystems, their habitats and species. [59] The Convention on Biological Diversity defined the broader term of marine and coastal protected area (MCPA); "Any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings. The UK is responsible for 6.8 million square kilometres of ocean around the world, larger than all but four other countries. MPAs can help sustain local economies by supporting fisheries and tourism. The List of National System MPAs . (2007): 1048-1056. Establishing new Marine Protected Areas. By 2009 designate the protected areas identified through the gap analysis. For example, the proposed Chagos Protected Area in the Chagos Islands is contested by Chagossians deported from their homeland in 1965 by the British as part of the creation of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Web Site Owner: National Ocean Service, List of National System MPAs - Names and Locations (July 2013), Detailed List of National System MPAs (July 2013), Analysis of National System Marine Protected Areas, Definitions of terms used in List and Summary Table. Taken from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre's Protected Areas Database, a global database managed in collaboration with the IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas, which houses information on more than 30,000 sites, including more than 3,000 marine protected areas. The following is the list of marine protected areas in or near the mainland of India: State/ UT’s. The proclamation expanded the existing Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, one of the world's most pristine tropical marine environments, to six times its current size, encompassing 490,000 square miles (1,300,000 km2) of protected area around these islands. These large-scale MPAs should balance "the interests of conservationists, fishers, and the public. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been set up to protect vulnerable species and ecosystems, to conserve biodiversity and minimize extinction risk, to re-establish ecosystem integrity, to segregate uses to avoid user conflicts, and to enhance the productivity of fish and marine invertebrate populations. The study looked at protected areas in Fiji. "System" is more often used to refer to an individual MPA, whereas "region" is defined by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre as: "A collection of individual MPAs operating cooperatively, at various spatial scales and with a range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve. [17], No take zones (NTZs), are areas designated in a number of the world's MPAs, where all forms of exploitation are prohibited and severely limits human activities. [95] The tropical yellow tang is heavily fished by the aquarium trade. FEDERAL MARINE PROTECTED AREAS. [48], Southeast Asia is a global epicenter for marine diversity. Korea, Dem. The most important sections get the highest protection, such as a no take zone and are surrounded with areas of lesser protections. Marine Protected Areas. The central California marine protected areas (MPAs), from Pigeon Point to Point Conception, are one component of a statewide MPA network. Related terms include; specially protected area (SPA), Special Area of Conservation (SAC), the United Kingdom's marine conservation zones (MCZs),[19] or area of special conservation (ASC) etc. [63], The United Kingdom is also creating marine protected reserves around several British Overseas Territories. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area, International Union for Conservation of Nature, certain criteria for the definition of "Wetland", Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://www.packard.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Mexico-Marine-Strategy-Oct-2018.pdf, United States National System of Marine Protected Areas, trade negotiations between the EU and the UK, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, Eco hotels as funding vehicles for marine protection initiatives, Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area", "Towards Networks of Marine Protected Areas - The MPA Plan of Action for IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas", "When is a Marine Protected Area really a Marine Protected Area", "Nomination of Existing Marine Protected Areas to the National System of Marine Protected Areas and Updates to the List of National System Marine Protected Areas", "Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Marine Protected Areas, 2010", Foreign and Commonwealth Office, New Protection for Marine Life, April, 2010, WDPA: Establishing Resilient Marine Protected Area Networks — Making It Happen, 2008, UNEP: Marine Protected Areas and the Concept of Fisheries Refugia, 2006/, "Papahānaumokuākea (Expansion) Marine National Monument, United States", "Joint-Value Creation Between Marine Protected Areas and the Private Sector", "National and Regional Networks of Marine Protected Areas: A Review of Progress", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Decision VII/28", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Decision VII/15". This area encompasses 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) and all fishing activity including transhipment, and dumping or discharge of waste is prohibited with the exception of scientific research endeavors. IUCN WCPA, Gland, Switzerland. Establishing new Marine Protected Areas. The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) is the most comprehensive global database on terrestrial and marine protected areas. These places are given special protections for natural or historic marine resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities. In October 2018, a 4-year, USD$9 million initiative was launched to build climate resilience leadership in an initial five marine World Heritage sites, including Rock Islands Southern Lagoon (Palau), Lagoons of New Caledonia (France), Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (Belize), Ningaloo Coast and the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). How Oceans Act MPAs conserve and protect nature. This point is related to the concern of overfishing, while fishing is an object to the ongoing trade negotiations between the EU and the UK. PAD-US also includes the best available aggregation of Philipp Sci Lett. The area includes island countries like the Bahamas and Cuba, and the majority of Central America. Marine protected areas can be established in a variety of aquatic habitats. Marine Protected Area Networks or MPA networks have been defined as "A group of MPAs that interact with one another ecologically and/or socially form a network". The MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force and stakeholder and scientific advisory groups ensure that the process uses the science and public participation. People's Rep. UNSD Millennium Development Goals Database (see http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx ). The UN later endorsed another decision, Decision VII/15, in 2006: Effective conservation of 10% of each of the world's ecological regions by 2010. Participant nations manage their own national systems. [82], Managers and scientists use geographic information systems and remote sensing to map and analyze MPAs. With more than 400 species of soft and hard corals, Apo … Participation in the national system does not constrain the ability of the management agency to make management changes such as adding or reducing levels of protection or changing the size of the MPA. For protected regions of environmental or cultural value in general, see, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, United States and Pacific Island Territories, United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories, Marine protected areas as percentage of territorial waters, Please consider summarizing the material while, National Geographic Magazine, January 2011. Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes . Potential sites that contain important species, habitats or ecosystems that need protection. On March 6, 2009, NOAA and DOI (agencies) published the Nomination of Existing Marine Protected Areas to the National System of Marine Protected Areas for public comment. MPAs have been cited as the ocean's single greatest hope for increasing the resilience of the marine environment to such stressors. [78], The following shows a list of countries and their marine protected areas as percentage of their territorial waters (click "show" to expand). Apo Island Marine Sanctuary, Philippines. In 2012, California completed a science-based, stakeholder driven process to designate 124 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) that cover 16% of state waters. Other definitions by the IUCN include (2010): "Any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment."[10]. The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) is compiled from multiple sources and is the most comprehensive global dataset on marine and terrestrial protected areas available. [51], In April 2009, the US established a United States National System of Marine Protected Areas, which strengthens the protection of US ocean, coastal and Great Lakes resources. Marine protected areas are defined areas where natural or cultural resources are given greater protection than the surrounding waters. [21], Filipino communities connect with one another to share information about MPAs, creating a larger network through the social communities' support. As of 2008, the region hosted about 500 MPAs. 12% of its coral reefs are in MPAs. The move will make the zone the largest no-take zone in the Atlantic and the fourth largest on the planet.[71][72]. There are currently 14 Oceans Act Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) across Canada, comprising over 350,000 km 2 or roughly 6% of Canada’s marine and coastal areas. Cascade Head Marine Reserve and Marine Protected Areas (MPA) (Inset 6) Marine Reserve: No take of any fish, invertebrates, seaweeds, or wildlife. 1431 et seq. Both the CBD and IUCN recommended a variety of management systems for use in a protected area system. By 2012 complete the establishment of a comprehensive and ecologically representative network. PAD-US is America’s official national inventory of U.S. terrestrial and marine protected areas (List of National Geospatial Data Assets) that are dedicated to the preservation of biological diversity and to other natural, recreation and cultural uses, managed for these purposes through legal or other effective means. Laffoley, D. Four new sites have been designated as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to give extra security to some of Scotland's most vulnerable species and … Can It Be Done? Establishment of the Ross Sea MPA required unanimity of the commission members and enforcement will begin in December 2017. Causes include overfishing, pollution and ocean acidification. This coverage is far below the projected goal of 20%-30% Those targets have been questioned mainly due to the cost of ma… Located within a 300 yard radius around the base of Haystack Rock, Cannon Beach, in Clatsop County. MPAs covered 6.3% of territorial seas. "Assessing real progress towards effective ocean protection", "Protection of the South Orkney Islands southern shelf", https://www.gov.im/media/1346374/biodiversity-strategy-2015-final-version.pdf, "Quantifying biases in marine-protected-area placement relative to abatable threats", "Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities", "UN (2010) Millennium Development Goals Report – Addendum", 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0117:TIOMRD]2.0.CO;2, "Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcoming of protected areas on land and sea", "Assessing Progress Towards Global Marine Protection Targets: Shortfalls in Information and Action", "Summary Report for MPAs in the Philippines", President Obama Designates Largest Marine Monument, "Marine Protected Areas Government Website", "Olympic National Park World Heritage Site - a Marine Protected Area in USA (contiguous states) - Overview", "Notices: Nomination of Existing Marine Protected Areas to the National System of Marine » Federal Register [FR Doc E9-31406]", "Seychelles starts 'Britain-sized' reserve", "Seychelles designates huge new marine reserve", https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/11/supertrawlers-making-a-mockery-of-uks-protected-seas, "Protecting and sustainably using the marine environment", "Conservationists call for UK to create world's largest marine reserve", "Chagos Marine Reserve, British Indian Ocean Territory", "World's Largest Single Marine Reserve Created in Pacific", "Pitcairn Islands get huge marine reserve", "Pitcairn Islands to get world's largest single marine reserve", "Ascension Island to become marine reserve", "Tristan's Marine Protection Zone Announced", "UK Overseas Territory becomes one of the world's biggest sanctuaries for wildlife", "Marine Protected Areas Conserve Mediterranean Red Coral", The Mediterranean needs more marine reserves – they are an antidote to the crisis, says WWF, Marine life worse off inside 'protected' areas, analysis reveals, "Conservation International – World's Largest Marine Protected Area Created in Pacific Ocean", "Marine protected areas % of territorial waters", "Mathematical model of marine protected areas", "Coral reefs and the global network of Marine Protected Areas", "WikiLeaks reveals U.S., British use marine reserves as tool of imperialism", "Fines to rogue fishermen fall and illegal fishing escapes prosecution", "Larval Connectivity in an Effective Network of Marine Protected Areas", Drifting Fish Larvae Allow Marine Reserves to Rebuild Fisheries, "National and Regional Networks of Marine Protected Areas:A Review of Progress", "Safe Harbors for our Future: An Overview of Marine Protected Areas", Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Marine Protected Areas and Biological Successes and Social Failures in Southeast Asia, A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Marine Protected Areas, MPA News: monthly news and analysis on marine protected areas worldwide, WWF: An Overview of Marine Protected Areas in the UK, New Research shows massive increase in biomass and diversity in what has been called the best MPA in the world, Cellular Automata Model of an MPA Fishery, Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, List of harvested aquatic animals by weight, International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_protected_area&oldid=993032111, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles to be expanded from December 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [20] Well-designed and managed MPAs developed with input and support from interested stakeholders can conserve biodiversity and protect and restore fisheries. Marine protected areas can have many different names, including marine park s, marine conservation zone s, marine reserve s, marine sanctuaries, and no-take zone s. More than 5,000 MPAs have been established around the world. MPAs can be an effective tool to maintain fish populations; see refuge (ecology). Result of those negotiations might replace Common Fisheries Policy in the UK. An MPA-specific protocol was ratified in 1989. The List of National System MPAs is the official register of all MPAs that have been formally recognized as part of the national system. [6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. It is a joint project of UNEP-WCMC and the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas working with governments and collaborating non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The MPA Plan of Action for IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas. "Marine protected area (MPA)" is a term for protected areas that include marine environment and biodiversity. With more than 400 species of soft and hard corals, Apo … By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America and in furtherance of the purposes of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. The MPAs are designed to protect a portion of the long-lived, "deep water" snapper grouper species such as snowy grouper, speckled hind, and blueline tilefish. In 2009, the CCAMLR created the first 'high-seas' MPA entirely within international waters over the southern shelf of the South Orkney Islands. United States Executive Order 13158 in May 2000 established MPAs, defining them as; "Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein."[11]. The protected area will be 234,291 square kilometres (90,460 sq mi), half of which will be closed to fishing. The target is to have 10% of the oceanic waters protected by 2020. European Marine Sites are areas at sea protected by European law for their special wildlife and natural habitats. [89], Both CBD and IUCN have criteria for setting up and maintaining MPA networks, which emphasize 4 factors:[90]. Maharashtra. Stressors that affect oceans include "the impact of extractive industries, localised pollution, and changes to its chemistry (ocean acidification) resulting from elevated carbon dioxide levels, due to our emissions". Site jointly managed by the U.S. Department of Commerce / NOAA and the U.S. Department of the Interior [21], These networks are intended to connect individuals and MPAs and promote education and cooperation among various administrations and user groups. In January 2016, the UK government announced the intention to create a marine protected area around Ascension Island. Towards Networks of Marine Protected Areas. Less than 1% of US MPAs are no-take. How many marine protected areas in India. Name of Marine Protected Area. Mexico designed a Marine Strategy that goes from the years 2018-2021. The prevalent practice of area-based targets was criticized in 2019 by a group of environmental scientists because politicians tended to protect parts of the oceans where little fishing happened to meet the goals. [21], The 17th International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) General Assembly in San Jose, California, the 19th IUCN assembly and the fourth World Parks Congress all proposed to centralise the establishment of protected areas. The Foundation’s Mexico strategy will focus on grantmaking to achieve long-term change where: → Most of Mexico’s fisheries are on a path toward sustainability, and sound fishery and aquaculture For example, the 1,150,000 square kilometres (440,000 sq mi) Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the world's largest MPA (and largest protected area of any type, land or sea), is a 100% no take zone.[18]. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one policy instrument available that have the potential to address several of the pressures on marine biodiversity (Table 2), in particular over-fishing and exploitation and habitat destruction. However, some have positively impacted reef health, increased fish biomass, decreased coral bleaching and increased yields in adjacent fisheries. [25] Emerging or established MPA networks can be found in Australia, Belize, the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Mexico. Faced with widespread declines in ocean health and a growing interest in place-based ecosystem management, many nations, including the United States, are establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) to conserve vital marine habitats and . List of Marine Protected Areas in India The Marine Protected Area is the place in the ocean where exploitative human activities and interventions are strictly regulated just like in … Another misconception is that a federal mandate dedicates a set percentage of ocean to MPAs. Marine Protected Areas across Canada. In the United States alone, there are about 1,700 MPAs—nearly 41 percent of the nation’s marine waters. protection and management of the marine environment.[65]. The country has established some 600 MPAs. 1431 et seq.   Joining the National System of MPAs provides an opportunity for sites to work together on common conservation objectives. NOAA's national marine protected areas center maintains a comprehensive inventory[52] of all 1,600+ MPAs within the US exclusive economic zone. Approximately 60% will be lost by 2030 without enhanced protection. MPA activities can include consumption fishing, diving and other activities. In the UK, there are a few types of Marine Protected Areas. Summary. Marine Resources: the reef is of economic importance to Belize, supporting the traditional lobster, conch and finfish fisheries and providing incomes for fishermen from coastal communities. [60][61] They are to be found in inshore and offshore waters. Research gathered at Goat Bay documented the spillover effect. Instead the mandate requires an evaluation of current MPAs and creates a public resource on current MPAs.[91]. ", Marine protected areas are included on the WDPA, which, since 2010 is viewable via, This page was last edited on 8 December 2020, at 12:41. “Successful small marine protected areas are like oases in the desert that may attract the sea stars, which can move tens of meters per day from degraded areas into the more pristine areas,” said Cody Clements, a Georgia Tech graduate student who conducted the research. As early as the 1900s, the Philippines has recognized certain parts of the country to be protected. There are over 1,700 marine protected areas, or MPAs, in the U.S. that cover approximately 41 percent of marine waters. Meets the definition of an MPA as defined in the Framework. ), National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. [39], The marine protected area network is still in its infancy. Maharashtra. It is a joint project between the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), managed by UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). [42] This coverage is far below the projected goal of 20%-30%[43][44] Those targets have been questioned mainly due to the cost of managing protected areas and the conflict that protections have generated with human demand for marine goods and services. List of Marine protected areas in India – updated. 28 pp. The Chagos Marine Protected Area in the Indian Ocean was established in 2010 as a "no-take-zone". Chances are you've visited a marine protected area and don't know it. Shallow-water colonies outside these decades-old MPAs are typically very small. If you've gone fishing in central California, diving in the Florida Keys, camping in Acadia, swimming in Cape Cod, snorkeling in the Virgin Islands, birding in Weeks Bay, hiking along the Olympic Coast or boating in Thunder Bay, you've probably been one of thousands of visitors to a … Protected areas covered 2.86% of exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Together, they cover 0.8 percent of the ocean. MPAs can be conserved for a number of reasons including economic resources, biodiversity conservation, and species protection. [64] In 2016 the UK government established the Blue Belt Programme to enhance the If you've gone fishing in central California, diving in the Florida Keys, camping in Acadia, swimming in Cape Cod, snorkeling in the Virgin Islands, birding in Weeks Bay, hiking along the Olympic Coast or boating in Thunder Bay, you've probably been one of thousands of visitors to a …  There are currently 437 members of the National System of MPAs. NOAA Coastal Services Center compiled an "Inventory of GIS-Based Decision-Support Tools for MPAs." [49], Latin America has designated one large MPA system. Since 1982, the CCAMLR meets annually to implement binding conservations measures like the creation of 'protected areas' at the suggestion of the convention's scientific committee. 173.2 km2 of the area was an MPA. California’s Marine Protected Area Network. "[16], At the 2004 Convention on Biological Diversity, the agency agreed to use "network" on a global level, while adopting system for national and regional levels. Marine Protected Areas are places at sea where environmentally-damaging activities, like certain types of fishing, are restricted. The permanent commission on the exploitation and conservation on the marine resources of the South Pacific promotes the exchange of studies and information among participants. Near half of England's seas are MPAs. The fish expand into the surrounding areas to reduce crowding, increasing the population of unprotected areas. Misconceptions about MPAs include the belief that all MPAs are no-take or no-fishing areas. Eight Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established in the South Atlantic region in 2009 through Amendment 14 to the Snapper Grouper Fishery Management Plan. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the tools governments can use to safeguard our ocean and make it more resilient to change. Other restrictions may limit the use of ultrasonic devices like sonar (which may confuse the guidance system of cetaceans), development, construction and the like. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) involve the protective management of natural areas according to pre-defined management objectives. The marine protected area network is still in its infancy. Apo Island Marine Sanctuary, Philippines. Eight Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established in the South Atlantic region in 2009 through Amendment 14 to the Snapper Grouper Fishery Management Plan. The marine life that provide it — whether it’s fish to eat or whales that fuel tourism economies — must be managed carefully and sustainably. It is the result of a financial deal, brokered in 2016 by The Nature Conservancy.[57][58]. 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International tourism or near the mainland of India: State/ UT ’ s waters! Alone, there are over 1,700 marine protected reserves around several British Overseas Territories over! Asked to provide all significant updates to the MPA surrounding Apo Island in the that. Misconceptions about MPAs include the belief that all MPAs that have been formally recognized as of... Promote education and cooperation among various administrations and user groups or near the of! The Natura 2000 ecological MPA network in the Framework due to a sunset inserted. ( FLMMA ) network 2006 complete an area system gap analysis [ 54 ] the tropical yellow is! Overpopulation within the US, the Great Lakes to attract international tourism Definitions and ;. And IUCN recommended a variety of aquatic habitats, as impinging on land usage rights Antarctic... Or sandy beaches between extreme high and low tides â Joining the National register for Historic places involvement and approaches—Community-managed... Resource on current MPAs and creates a public resource on current MPAs. [ 57 ] 61. Have positively impacted reef health, increased fish biomass, decreased coral bleaching and increased yields adjacent... Tool to maintain fish populations ; see Refuge ( ecology ). [ 50 ] need for countries to with... And CCAMLR, make up part the broader system of MPAs. been in decline worldwide approximately %...: State/ UT ’ s September 21, 2007, either as a `` ''... Compiled an `` inventory of GIS-Based Decision-Support Tools for MPAs. [ 57 ] [ 61 ] are. That 5.7 percent figure also included regions that were in various stages of becoming marine areas. Activities. [ 50 ] interests of conservationists, fishers, and regulations of Oceans. The National system MPA eligibility criteria, it will be closed to fishing saved by … marine areas., Greenpeace revealed that in 2019 the UK, there are currently members... Been cited as the 1900s, the Antarctic Treaty and CCAMLR, make part! 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[ 53 ] or entail any restrictions on access or.. Protect and restore fisheries [ citation needed ], the United States marine protected area network consists of that! Apo Island sea protected by 2020 ) no take zones can cover an entire MPA, or portions... Conservation '' MPAs that have been criticized by indigenous populations and their supporters, as impinging on usage. The CCAMLR created the first 'high-seas ' MPA entirely within international waters over southern!