D'après James A. The unexpected trip sparked a personal passion unlike anything Harris had experienced before. Avec le déclenchement de la guerre de Sécession aux États-Unis, de nombreux réfugiés noirs s'enrôlèrent dans l'Armée de l'Union et, bien que plus tard certains retournèrent au Canada, beaucoup restèrent aux États-Unis. Ce terme s'appliquait également à tous ceux qui aidaient les fugitifs : aux abolitionnistes, aux Noirs, aux Blancs, aux personnes libres ou aux esclaves[3]. Le réseau permettant de s'échapper n'était pas un chemin de fer, mais il portait ce nom du fait de l'utilisation de la terminologie ferroviaire dans le code. Underground railroad and her journeys. Chaque strophe se termine par une référence au Canada, considéré comme le pays « où les hommes de couleur sont libres ». While the British colonies had no slavery after 1834, discrimination was still common. Many Northerners who might have ignored enslavement issues in the South were confronted by local challenges that bound them to support slavery. Près de 1 000 réfugiés s'installèrent à Toronto, et plusieurs villages ruraux dont la population était essentiellement composée d'anciens esclaves, s'établirent dans les comtés de Kent et d'Essex. Selon les défenseurs de la théorie de la courtepointe, dix motifs étaient utilisés pour conduire les esclaves à effectuer des actions particulières. Il garda des récits précis, comme de courtes biographies contenant fréquemment des métaphores ferroviaires. Lorsque les frictions entre le Nord et le Sud eurent pour conséquence la guerre de Sécession, bon nombre de Noirs, esclaves et libres, se battirent au côté des forces de l'Union. Britain banned the institution of slavery in present-day Canada (and British colonies) in 1833, though the practice of slavery in Canada had effectively ended already early in the 19th century through case law, due to court decisions resulting from litigation on behalf of slaves seeking manumission. Influencé par de fortes pressions politiques, le Compromis de 1850, adopté par le Congrès à la suite de la guerre américano-mexicaine, prévoyait une loi plus stricte. Important Black settlements also developed in other parts of British North America (now parts of Canada). [43] Quilt historians and scholars of pre-Civil War (1820-1860) America have disputed this legend. He maintained correspondence with many of them, often acting as a middleman in communications between people who had escaped slavery and those left behind. The Tubman Byway is a self-guided driving tour that winds for more than 125 miles through the beautiful landscapes and waterscapes of Maryland’s Eastern Shore, and then another 98 miles through Delaware. Le chemin de fer lui-même était appelé le « train de la liberté » ou le « train du gospel », qui se dirigeait vers le « Paradis » ou « La Terre Promise », comme le Canada. Harriet Tubman meurt à 91 ans dans une propriété qu’elle a acquise, aux côtés de sa famille et de ses amis. Today she is known as the most celebrated conductor of the Underground Railroad, a secret network of people, routes, and safe houses … "Stockholders" gave money or supplies for assistance. Harriet Tubman, American bondwoman who escaped from slavery in the South to become a leading abolitionist before the American Civil War. RELATED: A 3-year-old reached out to a mural of Harriet Tubman and captured hearts across the country For months they trained in preparation for their walk. En fait, on trouve parmi les ravisseurs (c'est le nom que l'on donnait aux personnes qui voyageaient clandestinement dans les États esclavagistes pour sauver les individus en quête de liberté) les plus célèbres et les plus efficaces une femme nommée Harriet Tubman. [9] Because the law required sparse documentation to claim a person was a fugitive, slave catchers also kidnapped free blacks, especially children, and sold them into slavery. Une fois arrivés à destination, de nombreux fugitifs étaient déçus. Les itinéraires étaient souvent délibérément indirects pour semer la confusion parmi les poursuivants. Both former enslaved people and free Blacks were sometimes kidnapped and sold into slavery, as was Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs, New York. Estimates vary widely, but at least 30,000 enslaved people, and potentially more than 100,000, escaped to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Fort Malden, in Amherstburg, Ontario, was deemed the "chief place of entry" for enslaved people seeking to enter Canada. They were secretly passed from one depot to another until they arrived at a destination where they were able to remain free. "Certificates of freedom," signed, notarized statements attesting to the free status of individual Blacks also known as free papers, could easily be destroyed or stolen, so provided little protection to bearers. UPDATE: For even more information on Harriet Tubman-related sites, be sure to check out our posts A New York Civil Rights Road Trip and Explore History and Music in Macon, Georgia. "[40], Another important destination was Nova Scotia, which was first settled by Black Loyalists during the American Revolution and then by Black Refugees during the War of 1812 (see Black Nova Scotians). Similarly, some popular, nonacademic sources claim that spirituals and other songs, such as "Steal Away" or "Follow the Drinking Gourd", contained coded information and helped individuals navigate the railroad. Bien que l'esclavage n'existât plus dans les colonies britanniques après 1834, la discrimination était encore monnaie courante. Appendix A Full Intrinsic Resource List . Celles-ci étaient généralement situées dans la région triangulaire délimitée par les villes de Toronto, Niagara Falls et Windsor. After the fugitive slaves entered a depot on that road no trace of them could be found. En dépit de leur résistance face aux lois en faveur de l'esclavage, plusieurs États étaient peu enclins à accueillir les Noirs libres. Frederick Douglass was a writer, statesman, and had escaped slavery. Pathways to Freedom - Maryland and the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman, American bondwoman who escaped from slavery in the South to become a leading abolitionist before the American Civil War. The quilts were placed one at a time on a fence as a means of nonverbal communication to alert escaping slaves. Elle mena des centaines d'esclaves vers la liberté que leur offrait le Nord en les guidant le long de la route mise en place par l'Underground Railroad, réseau clandestin de lieux sûrs accueillant les fuyards sur leur trajet. The marshal or private slave-catcher needed only to swear an oath to acquire a writ of replevin for the return of property. [25], Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on boat or train,[27] they usually traveled on foot or by wagon in groups of one to three escapees. Le groupe le plus important s'installa dans le Haut-Canada (appelé Canada West à partir de 1841[14], et aujourd'hui Southern Ontario (en)), où de nombreuses communautés noires canadiennes se sont développées. The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century, and used by enslaved African-Americans to escape into free states and Canada. », The American Historical Review , Vol. [50], Following upon legislation passed in 1990 for the National Park Service to perform a special resource study of the Underground Railroad,[75] in 1997, the 105th Congress introduced and subsequently passed H.R. "It is well known", he tells us, "that a great number of fugitives make their escape to Canada, by way of Cleaveland. Il entretint une correspondance avec bon nombre d'entre eux, agissant souvent comme un intermédiaire permettant aux esclaves en fuite et ceux restés à l'arrière de communiquer. Federal marshals and professional bounty hunters known as slave catchers pursued fugitives as far as the Canada–US border.[32]. Par exemple, une chanson intitulée « Song of the Free (en) », écrite en 1860 au sujet d'un homme s'échappant au Canada pour fuir l'esclavage dans le Tennessee, fut composée sur l'air de Oh! Selon le premier Fugitive Slave Act de 1793 (en), la responsabilité d'attraper les esclaves en fuite revenait aux fonctionnaires des États d'où venaient les esclaves et ce fut ainsi que le chemin de fer clandestin prospéra[5]. In this photo, circa 1865, Harriet Tubman is shown. At its peak, nearly 1,000 enslaved people per year escaped from slave-holding states using the Underground Railroad – more than 5,000 court cases for escaped enslaved were recorded – many fewer than the natural increase of the enslaved population. [11] The law deprived people suspected of being slaves the right to defend themselves in court, making it difficult to prove free status. One of the most famous and successful conductors (people who secretly traveled into slave states to rescue those seeking freedom) was Harriet Tubman, a woman who escaped slavery. In 1822, Araminta Ross was born a slave in Dorchester County, Maryland. [1] The scheme was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees. De nombreuses sources populaires, non académiques, prétendent que des spirituals et d'autres chants, comme « Steal Away » ou « Follow the Drinking Gourd », contenaient des renseignements codés et aidaient des personnes à se diriger sur le chemin de fer, mais ces sources apportent très peu de preuves appuyant leurs dires. [39]:15 The Sultana was one of the ships, making "frequent round trips" between Great Lakes ports. The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses, all of them maintained by abolitionist sympathizers and communicated by word of mouth. These included Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) and Vancouver Island, where Governor James Douglas encouraged Black immigration because of his opposition to slavery. [17], The Underground Railroad did not have a headquarters, nor were there published guides, maps, pamphlets, or even newspaper articles. In a de facto bribe,[12] judges were paid a higher fee ($10) for a decision that confirmed a suspect as an enslaved person than for one ruling that the suspect was free ($5). It ran north and grew steadily until the Civil War began. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underground_Railroad&oldid=1003111957, Events of National Historic Significance (Canada), All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Pages using infobox criminal organization with rivals parameter, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, People who helped enslaved people find the railroad were "agents" (or "shepherds"), Hiding places were "stations" or "way stations", "Station masters" hid enslaved people in their homes, People escaping slavery were referred to as "passengers" or "cargo", Financial benefactors of the Railroad were known as "stockholders", The Underground Railroad was the inspiration for a faction in, This page was last edited on 27 January 2021, at 13:29. The abolitionist Levi Coffin, who was known for aiding over 2,000 fugitives to safety, supported this choice. Southern newspapers of the day were often filled with pages of notices soliciting information about people escaping slavery and offering sizable rewards for their capture and return. Appleby, a celebrated mariner, facilitated the conveyance of several fugitive from various Lake Erie ports to Fort Malden. Harriet Tubman a œuvré avec les quakers pendant les années 1850 pour permettre au plus grand nombre d’esclaves de gagner la liberté. Thousands of others returned to the American South after the war ended. [citation needed], Upon arriving at their destinations, many fugitives were disappointed, as life in Canada was difficult. William Still,[23] sometimes called "The Father of the Underground Railroad", helped hundreds of enslaved people to escape (as many as 60 a month), sometimes hiding them in his Philadelphia home. Selon Still, les messages étaient souvent codés afin que seules les personnes ayant un rôle dans l'opération du chemin de fer puissent les comprendre. By the end of 1850, the network had helped 10,000 slaves escape to freedom. https://share.america.gov › harriet-tubmans-route-on-underground-railroad Selon les termes du Fugitive Slave Act de 1850, lorsque des fugitifs suspectés étaient attrapés puis emmenés devant un magistrat spécial connu sous le nom de commissaire, ils n'avaient pas le droit à un procès avec jury et ne pouvaient témoigner en leur propre nom. Ils s'arrêtaient le jour dans ces fameuses « stations » ou « dépôts » afin de se reposer. [6][7] However, the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the late 1700s. More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its 20-year peak period,[34] although U.S. Census figures account for only 6,000. Many of the new arrivals had to compete with mass European immigration for jobs, and overt racism was common. Plus de 30 000 personnes sont supposées s'y être échappées grâce au réseau pendant la période de pointe qui a duré vingt années, bien que les chiffres du recensement américain ne fassent état que de 6 000. La théorie du motif de la courtepointe est contestée. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 22 janvier 2021 à 11:41. (Actual underground railroads did not exist until 1863.) Banks (en), au cours du XIXe siècle, environ 100 000 esclaves se seraient échappés grâce au « Railroad »[4]. ...The friends of the slave, knowing that I would transport them without charge, never failed to have a delegation when the boat arrived at Cleaveland. 105, No. Ce compromis répara en apparence tous les problèmes régionaux. Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was the Escape Route Taken by Slaves Who Fled to the State in the 1700s and Established America's First Black Town", "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro", "Avalon Project – Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union", "History – National Underground Railroad Freedom Center", "The most famous abductor on the Underground Railroad", "Underground Railroad - Black History - HISTORY.com", "Arrival of the Black Loyalists: Saint John's Black Community", "Unravelling the Myth of Quilts and the Underground Railroad", "Black History-From Slavery to Settlement", "Letters: Underground Railroad site threatened in Montco", "Aboard the Underground Railroad" – Boston African American NHS, "For the People: A Newsletter of the Abraham Lincoln Association v.8 number 1 Spring 2006, Springfield, Illinois", "Mary Meachum and the Underground Railroad", "The Underground Railroad Leaves its Tracks in History", "Actions - H.R.1635 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1998", "Management - Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)", "Harriet Tubman National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)", "The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction", "Part 4: 1831–1865 Narrative, The Underground Railroad", "Documentary Evidence is Missing on Underground Railroad Quilts", "New Jersey's Underground Railroad Myth-Buster: Giles Wright is on a Mission to Fine Tune Black History", "Putting it in Perspective: The Symbolism of Underground Railroad quilts", "Underground Railroad Quilts & Abolitionist Fairs", National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Underground Railroad Research Institute at Georgetown College, Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York, Newspaper articles and clippings about the Underground Railroad at Newspapers.com, Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park, Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center, The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War, List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials, List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic, List of Confederate monuments and memorials, Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. The role of free Blacks was crucial; without it, there would have been almost no chance for fugitives from slavery to reach freedom safely.[20]. The sacrifices she made to save her family and friends from slavery continue to inspire others today. Ainsi, de nombreux habitants du nord, qui auraient par ailleurs pu se contenter d'ignorer un esclavage régional lointain, s'irritaient face à un esclavage sanctionné à l'échelle nationale. Le risque ne se limitait pas seulement aux fugitifs. Même si les fugitifs voyageaient parfois en bateau ou en train[10], ils se déplaçaient généralement à pied ou en chariots par groupe de 1 ou 3 esclaves. 3, The Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History, Vol. ». Sur le chemin de fer, les « chefs de train » venaient d'horizons divers : on trouvait parmi eux des Noirs nés libres, des abolitionnistes blancs, d'anciens esclaves (qui s'étaient enfuis ou qui avaient été affranchis), et des Amérindiens. Pourtant, le chemin de fer clandestin stimula vraiment les œuvres culturelles. The stations were often located in barns, under church floors, or in hiding places in caves and hollowed-out riverbanks. Le mot supplémentaire via indiquait lui que les « passagers » n'étaient pas dans le train habituel, mais via Reading, une ville de Pennsylvanie. 1, No. Courthouse … For instance, Indiana, whose area along the Ohio River was settled by Southerners, passed a constitutional amendment that barred free Blacks from settling in that state. Bien que, dès la fin du XVIIe siècle jusqu'à la révolution américaine et même quelque temps après, il existât un « chemin de fer clandestin » s'étendant vers le sud en direction de la Floride, qui était alors un territoire espagnol, le réseau aujourd'hui connu sous le nom de Underground Railroad a été formé au début du XIXe siècle et, c'est entre 1850 et 1860 qu'il est le plus performant. Les lieux de repos où ces derniers pouvaient dormir et manger avaient pour noms de code « stations » ou « dépôts » et étaient dirigés par des « chefs de gare. It stipulated a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law; ostensibly, the compromise addressed regional problems by compelling officials of free states to assist slave catchers, granting them immunity to operate in free states. La loi corrompait de facto les juges, puisque ceux-ci étaient payés davantage (10 dollars) pour une décision qui forçait un esclave soupçonné à être à nouveau réduit à l'esclavage que pour une décision qui lui accordait la liberté (5 dollars)[8]. They would stop at the so-called "stations" or "depots" during the day and rest. Every stanza ends with a reference to Canada as the land "where colored men are free". Les Églises également jouaient souvent un rôle, en particulier la Société religieuse des Amis (Quakers), les Congrégationalistes, les Wesleyens, et les Presbytériens Réformés ainsi que certaines sectes de la Mainline Church, telles que certaines branches de l'Église Méthodiste et de l'Église Baptiste américaine. [34] The largest group settled in Upper Canada (Ontario), called Canada West from 1841. The Underground Railroad inspired cultural works. Susanna". The scheme was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees. [18][19] Church clergy and congregations of the North often played a role, especially the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Congregationalists, Wesleyans, and Reformed Presbyterians, as well as the anti-slavery branches of mainstream denominations which split over the issue, such as the Methodist church and the Baptists. 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